نشریه حکمرانی و توسعه
سال سوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

One of the concepts that has been developed in recent years in the field of public administration and governance is the concept of "smartening " and "smart governance" and based on this , approaches have been designed to smarten the public policy making process. smartening can be planned in various fields of public administration and policy making system , and one of the most important areas that seems to be important in the field of governance is the development planning system in the country , which is considered as a high level of national policy making.  Based on this, the aim of the current research is to identify the challenges and solutions to smarten the public policy process in Iran with an emphasis on the development planning system.  The research method is based on documentary and meta-synthesis studies , and in the findings section , after the pathology of the country's situation , smartening solutions are discussed at three levels of designing development plans, implementing development plans , and evaluating of development plans.

The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors affecting the effective establishment of network governance in the country. This research is descriptive-survey in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection method. The study population in this study includes 28 academic experts and professionals familiar with the subject who were unlikely and judiciously selected. After defining the subject and conducting exploratory studies and primary libraries, the relevant factors and components were considered by experts through the Delphi method and by a researcher-made questionnaire. The components and the combination of factors reached their consensus. Then, confirmatory factor analysis of each research variable was performed separately by SmsrtPLS3 software for each variable to determine whether the data are consistent with a certain factor structure. Finally, the results showed that there are three categories of underlying factors (including infrastructures, required resources, conditions and platform of formation and actors involved), content factors (including strategies, internal and external organization preparation, network management, participation and integration and network thinking) and structural factors (including Network characteristics and network shape) are effective in establishing network governance in the country. At the end, some suggestions were presented according to the obtained results.

Today, governments cannot be established without the enthusiastic presence of the people of a land. Therefore, without their participation and companionship, it will not continue much. Thus , a democratic system is the only main underlie for the real and main participation of citizens. On the other hand, good governance refers to the prevalence of government accountability, transparency in decision-making, implementation of rule of law and regulations, early response to citizens' demands, equality and inclusiveness among stakeholder groups, effectiveness and efficiency in using resources in providing services. The good governance approach is actually a complex management method through which citizens and stakeholder groups of the country express and apply their demands. Accordingly, the main goal of this research is to study the effect of social participation of citizens on the realization of good governance. The statistical population of this research is all the students of Allameh Tabatabai University in the number of 16807 and the statistical sample size is 376 , and random sampling method was used. In terms of the objective, this research is a type of applied research, and in terms of descriptive-survey data collection, is cross-sectional. For data analyzing , the structural equation method of SPSS and PLS software was used. The research results showed that the four legal, ethical, technical and cultural dimensions of participation have a positive and significant effect on good governance.

The effectiveness of strategic plans and the performance of government organizations depends on their perspective; Therefore, it is important to develope a vision that meets the needs of the society and the organization with an institutional approach. Thus , in this research, the development of the perspective of government organizations of SarvAbad city was discussed with an institutional approach. In the first stage of this research, the indicators and components of the perspective of government organizations were identified using thematic analysis, and in the second stage, these factors were evaluated using the survey method. In the first stage, the statistical population was experts (15 people) and in the second stage, managers of government organizations (81 people). To measure the validity of the research components, the relative content validity coefficient and the content validity index were used, and for their reliability, the Cohen's kappa coefficient was used. As a result, the perspective of government organizations with an institutional approach was developed as follows: "Government organizations of SarvAbad city in the next 10 years will be organizations with optimal organizational performance, providing competent services, ethics-oriented, with efficient human resources, and participation-oriente, knowledge-oriented and development-oriented rules." Finally, the perspective developed by the experts was evaluated by seven factors of brevity, clarity, abstraction, challenge, future orientation, stability and desirability, which statistical results confirmed its acceptability according to the experts.

The purpose of this research is to study the demographic factors affecting the bureauphile and its relationship with organizational culture. The research method is descriptive-survey of correlation type. In the organizational culture questionnaire section, the target population is the employees of government organizations, and in the clientele's perspective questionnaire section, the clients of these organizations are formed. The required sample size for the organizational culture questionnaire was estimated to be approximately 365 people, and the required sample size for the clientele's perspective questionnaire to the administrative system was estimated to be approximately 381 people, for more certainty, 450 questionnaires were distributed for each and finally 400 questionnaires were collected, a stratified random sampling method was used to sample the employees of government organizations and a cluster sampling method was used for the clients. For analyzing the data obtained from the samples, descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used and all statistical calculations were done through SPSS software. According to the results of the research, there is a correlation between organizational culture and bureauphile, and demographic factors can promote bureauphile. Also, there is a significant relationship between the number of visits, gender and income with bureauphile, but there is no significant relationship between the types of job, age and education with bureauphile.

Considering the challenges of governance in the country's health system, it is necessary to determine the model of health governance with a network approach in the context of a country. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose, which was carried out with a mixed approach with an exploratory design. The method of qualitative analysis is used in the qualitative part in order to identify the factors affecting the governance of a network, using the Grounded theory method, and in the quantitative part for the validity of the model and determining the relationship between the identified factors, confirmatory factor analysis and the structural equation model are used. In this research, MAXQDA software will be used for data analysis. By analyzing the interviews as well as reviewing previous studies, finally 6 main themes: external factors; antecedents; requirements; platforms and context; functions and applications. The results obtained in this research showed that health can no longer be considered as a mere partial goal for which the responsibility of a single ministry is sufficient to achieve it, rather the participation of other health actors and activists is mandatory along with the Ministry of Health and Treatment and an increasing tendency towards more and deeper interactions between different actors in the health system is evident. In addition, according to the results of the research, it can be brought up that paying attention to the issue of health is described as the center of comprehensive development and one of the important examples of  justice. Therefore, the implementation of the network governance model in this area is perhaps the main motive to move towards comprehensive development. Also, the establishment of network governance can lead to an increase in people's satisfaction with the government and acceptance of the central government by the public.